Moakley Peace Medal Acceptance Speech - 860 Words

Moakley Peace Medal Acceptance Speech In accepting this award on behalf of my father, I would like to begin as he would, by offering his and my most sincere and humble gratitude to Chancellor Motley and to the University of Massachusetts and its distinguished members for creating this medal and for choosing my father and, in a broader sense, the YaLa movement, as the recipients of the Moakley Peace medal. The very existence of the Moakley Chair of Peace and Reconciliation and of the Moakley Peace Medal are worthy of more thanks than can be offered, standing as testaments to the ongoing desire for peace and the rational non-violent resolution of conflict that is embedded in this university and in communities throughout the world. It is with this understanding that I give thanks not only on behalf of my father and YaLa for the honor of receiving the Medal, but on behalf of all people affected by conflict for the convictions and the principles that led to the creation of this award and the committee and Chair that supports it. When my father and others worked to develop the YaLa movement, their goal was simple despite the complexities involved in its achievement. There is nothing simpler than peace, yet nothing more difficult to achieve with the many complexities of the modern geopolitical situation. In the Middle East, issues of economic and social inequality, religious and cultural conflict, territorial disputes, and the power provided by access to resources and wealth

How Risky is Risk Free Essays

string(159) " interest rates that barely covers their money from the effect of inflation, and how private banks earn a lot of money while clients barely earn real returns\." â€Å"The human understanding, once it has adopted an opinion , collects any instance that confirm it, and though the contrary instances may be more numerous and more weightily, it either does not notice them or else rejects them, in order that this opinion will remain unshaken. † Francis Bacon, 1620. Risk is a very interesting thing; people normally tend not to realize the real effect that risk takes in their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on How Risky is Risk or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many kinds of risk, we want to focus on studying the financial risk, the perception of it, the effect that it has on the private banking behavior, their clients, and how they would be treated, the effect that it has on decision making, and the effect that it has o behavioral finance. Because when you start talking about behavioral finance you need to try to understand what risk represents and all of the effects it has. During this article we want to show why over 10% return margins shouldn’t be viewed as something risky, but as something worth analyzing. Because in this times people are going to need over 10% margins if they still want to be making profits out of their investments. And once people understand what risk represents, what it represents ND all of its effects, they can start analyzing what they want and need out of their investments. And once they understand that, they are going to do anything to accomplish it, because as it is said in the quote at the beginning once the human understanding acquires a goal and an opinion on how to get to the goal, he will do anything to end up successfully. . Risk Risk by definition, is the potential of gaining something of value, weighed against losing something of value but, The term â€Å"risk†, means financial risk or uncertainty of financial loss† (Raglan, 2003). After using these terms for the purpose of this paper e will divide the study of risk into 3 parts: types of financial risk, the ways to measure IR and perception of risk. 2. 1 Types of risk There are many types of risk; we are going to focus on 5: credit risk, market risk, operational risk, regulatory risk, environmental risk. All of these are top priorities for banks to analyze throughout the operational process. Credit risk, is the potential that a borrower fails to meet his obligations on the terms that were agreed. There are 2 key components on defining credit risk, quantity of risk and the probability of default. The banking system manages credit risk using exposure ceilings, review renewal, risk rating, risk based in scientific pricing and portfolio management. Market risk is the possibility of loss caused by changes in market variables, it sums up to four components. Liquidity risk, this is divided into funding risk, time risk and call risk. Interest rate risk, which is the potential of negative impact coming from changes in rates. Foreign exchange risk and country risk. Operational risk: Human error risk. Regulatory risk: The risk implied by the government ‘s ability to make new laws and modify regulation. . 2 Wars to measure risk There are several methods to measure risk, we will be focusing on the most common ones and the ones that are better suited for Hedge Funds. Vary is used to quantify the exposure to the market risk, using standard statistics techniques. It measures the minimum expected loss that a firm may suffer under normal circumstances, over a set time period at a desired level of significance. One of the biggest setbacks with Vary is that it’s useless in times of booms and crisis as it doesn’t prevent you from being part of them. Another big problem with Vary is that it is one of the most moon risk measures and people tend to trust it too much without hesitation. (CITE) Standard deviation is a measure of dispersion of a set of data from its average. It is usually applied to the annual rate of return of an investment to measure the investment ‘s volatility. CITE) After taking a look at these 2 methods that are the most commonly used, we will be talking about the ones more suitable for the Hedge Fund industry, which are the following: Seminarian’s or downside deviation is the average of the squared deviation of values that are less than the mean or a â€Å"minimum acceptable return†. This method is similar to variance, the difference between the two is that seminarian’s focuses only on the negative fluctuations of the asset neutralizing all the values above the mean. This method primarily provides the estimate of loss that a portfolio could incur, keeping the estimated risk realistic. CITE) Kurtosis is a statistical measure used to describe the distribution of observed data used around the mesas. Kurtosis is also known as the measurement for the volatility of volatility. Its main purpose is to describe the trends in charts. Keenness describes asymmetry from the normal distribution in a set of statistical data. Keenness can come in the form of â€Å"negative keenness† or â€Å"positive keenness†, depending on whether data points are skewed to the left (negative skew) or to the right (positive skew) of the data average. CITE) After analyzing these methods, we can conclude that for a Hedge Fund and especially for clients investing in these it is better to use the seminarian’s, kurtosis and keenness methods to analyze the risk of an investment. These three focus more on the downside risk of the portfolio instead of using the Vary that is only good on stable periods and doesn’t account for drastic mimes, besides standard deviation and variance can be very deceiving in the context of analyzing the real risk that a portfolio can have focusing also on outlying positive returns. 3. Private banking What we want to analyze is the way private banks operate and especially how clients needs are met, how they are treated, how their money gets almost frozen with interest rates that barely covers their money from the effect of inflation, and how private banks earn a lot of money while clients barely earn real returns. You read "How Risky is Risk" in category "Papers" Banks offer annulled returns between 3 and 5 percent which is usually not enough to meet paving expenses or inflation for the wealthy clients. An American study showed the following: â€Å"Americans said they need to earn average annual gains of 9. Percent above inflation to make their financial needs. Natives officials noted that inflation since 1964 has averaged 4. 2 percent annually, which means the average American has to generate 14 percent to meet their needs. â€Å"fee,2014) having this in mind clients can realize that they need to expect a bigger profit on their investments because they are actua lly losing money, their money is losing value and the only way f stopping this from happening is by demanding higher returns using alternative investments. High returns while taking minimal risk is a pipe dream; if asset growth is your priority, taking risk is crucial† Oaf,2014), and that is why clients need to be sure that risk is being managed in the most efficient manner. 3. 1 Clients The most important part of any financial institution are the clients, and most important thing about them is recognizing that every client is different and every client has different needs. Every client has to be treated differently to help them meet his/her goals. As the investigation of Dry. Rene Fischer and his team in the book â€Å"Wealth Management in new Realities†, â€Å"we identify 7 engagements that are shaping client behavior and needs† (Fischer, De Conge, OK, Topper, 2013), with this in mind we will take a look at those seven trends to give clients the best service possible while maintaining a steady margin of returns. Engagement one: Changing demographics. The population is growing and also the markets, clients need security and information that their money is secure and generating profit. Engagement two: Globalization and future markets. With the Gap’s of various developing countries rowing at a fast pace, clients are starting to look at investing in new markets. Engagement three: Scarce resources and climate change. Global awareness is growing for environmental issues that can create new opportunities in clean energies, and a new set of investments in ecological matters for clients. Engagement four: Economic crises and insecurities. With the volatility of the market, clients are starting to be insecure about their money. It is the financial institution ‘s Job to keep clients informed about the situation their money is in, and make them feel safe that their money is in good hands. Engagement five: Dynamic technology and innovation. With all the changes in information technologies, â€Å"more and more people are getting connected and are sharing information on the go’ (Fischer, De Conge, OK, Topper, 2013), this makes clients better informed and more aware about what is happening to their money. Engagement six: Sharing global interest responsibility. With the shift towards global cooperation and MONGO ‘s gaining power, clients are demanding socially responsible investments. Engagement seven: Global knowledge society. This trend goes hand in hand with trend number five, with new technologies of information, society has easier access to new information and the tools to know what is happening. With all these trends happening, clients want to be more informed and still get the same yield, but with the misinformation, manipulation and misunderstood promises from the monetary agents, the clients think that having their money working to win Just a little over inflation Just to avoid losing money might be wrong, because with the globalize economy that we have this days studies that are being made all around the world can be generalized, so if something is happening in Europe you could assume that something similar is happening morpheme else. So with this in mind after taking a look in some studies made in India we saw that the inflation is not the same for every social class and that the general inflation that everyone takes for granted does really have much effect on the middle and high class, because it is made out from an average of items that don’t really affect does two classes, and we are focusing on them because they are the ones that are clients of the financial institutions, and the prices of the items that they acquire are going up stronger that the regular inflation, so that is why they are not retorted with the interest rates that they receive, and they are in fact losing money which is the one thing that they were trying to avoid. 4. Behavioral finance There are many factors involved in the process of understanding behavioral finance. To understand this you have to start with risk perception, understanding why people tend to make certain decisions, and after that study the behavioral biases investors exhibit to see what drives the intuition of most individuals. Behavioral finance can help a financial institution prevent certain human factors that can be mitigated at the mime of making decisions and preventing psychological factors to play an important role in the decision making process. 4. 1 Risk perception Risk perception is one of the most important elements of psychological effect on the market. Trying to understand why people tend to make certain decisions at certain times is one of the biggest questions in this matter. Many investigations have been made about the subject, one that stood out was: â€Å"The Psychological Impact of Booms and Busts on Risk Preferences in Financial Professionals† by Cohn, Fear and Marcella. During this experiment they decided to manipulate two different kinds of lotteries giving different options in different controlled markets. Their final conclusion was that there will always be a psychological/emotional factor that can’t be measured with precision but you can be sure that during times of booms people tend to be overly optimistic and risk is not their biggest concern, and during times of busts people usually tend to be overly conservative and almost allergic to risk. This can be obvious in both cases as it is when biases come into play. This is why risk can be a risky thing when you are not certain that is being measured the right way. If the risk is being measured correctly, psychological factors shouldn’t have any weight in the decision making process. 4. 2 Behavioral bias Behavioral biases in finance are tendencies to act in a certain way; they can lead someone to a systematic deviation from a standard of rationality or good Judgment. Five biases that we believe can be the most common ones in an investor are the following: 1. – Confirmation bias is the tendency that makes people believe in information only if confirms their beliefs and hypothesis. 2. Optimism bias is the tendency to think that you are less at risk of experiencing a negative event than others. 3. – Loss aversion bias is the tendency that agents take on when they prefer the option of avoiding a loss than the option of acquiring gains. 4. – Self-serving bias is the tendency to distort a process because of the need to maintain and enhance once self-esteem. 5. – Planning fallacy bias is the tendency to underestimate the time that it will take to complete a task. These are only some of the behavioral biases that play a significant factor in the psychological process of making decisions. It has to be taken into account that all of them could affect an investor 5. Conclusion â€Å"The human brain has evolved to be very efficient at pattern recognition, but as the confirmation bias shows, we are focused on finding and confirming patterns rather than minimizing our false conclusions. Yet we needn’t be pessimist, for it is possible to overcome our prejudices. It is a start simply to realize that chance events, too, produce patterns. It is another great step if we learn to question our perceptions and our theories. Finally, we should learn to spend as much time looking for evidence that e are wrong as we spend searching for reasons we are correct. † (Millions, 2008). After looking at previous evidence, it is clear that both Private Bankers and Clients have a misconception about risk. Behavioral biases transform risk into fear which if not mitigated by Private Bankers leads to inefficient allocation in Client’s portfolios, and a controlling position in their relationship. This is why Bankers usually oversee those investments that they are not familiar with and reject them or cause Clients to reject them without studying their process and risk/reward ratio. This is the case with vast majority of Alternative Investments. We encourage Clients to keep a critical point of view with regards to their portfolios and continuously question their Banker’s recommendations. By being involved in their investment decisions and being up to date on current market trends Clients will have a correct attitude towards risk when it comes to investing. How to cite How Risky is Risk, Papers

Collaboration Between Students And Teachers In Speaking English

Question: Discuss about the Collaboration Between Students And Teachers In Speaking An Listening English In Punjab Government Secondary Schools. Answer: Introduction India is one of the ten rapid growing economies in the world. In spite of this fact, the rate illiterate citizens are the highest. Education is the most important pillar of a growing economy. This is the biggest challenge that India is facing since its independence. To solve this problem, the RTE or Right To Education Act was introduced in the year 2009. This act has provided the right of compulsory and free education to children between the ages of 6 to 14 years. The main goal of the implementation of this act was to achieve a literacy rate of 100% throughout the country and boost the levels of awareness (Akram et al., 2015). The infrastructure of the government schools in 13 states of India was found to poor in a recent survey. The facilities that are provided in these government schools are not at par with those mentioned in the act. The problem related to toilets and drinking water was found to be a major issue in these schools. This problem has led to dropouts of female students from the schools. The quality of teaching in the government is not up to the mark (Vishnu, 2015). The students do not the basic knowledge of reading, writing and even basic maths. The development of a country mainly depends on the youth, who are the future of that particular country; due to this providing quality education to the children is the most important duty of the government. This will help in achieving the goal of changing the entire country (Bracken, Driver Kadi-Hanifi, 2016). The government schools in Punjab are facing many problems in the recent years. The main problem is the teacher and student ratio in these schools. This problem has to an imbalance between the number of students and teachers and due to this the quality of education provided to the students has suffered. Around 2667 primary and secondary schools in Punjab are facing a lack of adequate number of teachers with respect to students. This report is based on the analysis regarding these problems in the government secondary schools in Punjab (Byker, 2014). Discussion about the collaboration between students and teachers in speaking and listening English in the Government schools in Punjab The education systems of the government secondary schools in Punjab are facing many issues in the recent times. The main problem in this case is the quality of teachers in these schools. The quality of teachers in the schools enhances the quality of education provided to the students. The lack of funds provided by the government to improve the quality of teachers is another problem in this case. This problem affects the economic development of the state, which in turn has an adverse affect on the economic growth of the country as a whole. To address these problems government has started taking initiatives to improve the situation (Chandwani Lata, 2016). These initiatives include Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), which was implemented in the year 2002. This initiative was mainly concentrated towards the management of finances related to the education sector, providing proper training to the teachers and providing resources required by the students. Another initiative taken by the government was the RTE or Right To Education Act, that was implemented in the year 2010. This act stated that the teachers are the most important element of the education system (Desai, 2015). The main context of this report is regarding the quality of education in the state of Punjab. Punjab is located in the north-western part of India. This state has gone through lots of changes with respect to its physical settings, educational expenditure, demography and educational programmes. The state of Punjab is mainly inhabited by people whose mother tongue is Punjabi. Chandigarh is the capital of Punjab and Haryana. Punjab is a densely populated state with male literacy rate of 81.5 and female literacy rate of 71.3 percent. The literacy gap has decreased in the years 2001 and 2011 (Ganaie, 2015). The rural population has decreased and the urban population has increased in the recent years. The growth of population has also decreased. The funds that are allocated in the education sector have increased in the recent years. The expenditure that is made on different education programs and schemes has increased after the year 2002. Some of the programs that have been implemented in the education are the PERVESH Project, The Parho Punjab Project and the Mid-Day Meal Scheme (Snilstveit et al., 2014). The Mid- day Meal Program was implemented in the government primary schools to provide free food to the students in the schools. The Parho Punjab Project was implemented in the years 2008 to 2012, with the aim to remove the problem of the difference in the level of learning and the goals of the students (HAIDER KHAN, 2016). The Primary Vidya Sudhar (PERVESH) Project was implemented following the Parho Punjab Project to enhance the quality of education provided to the students in the government primary and secondary schools and mainly focus on their learning of maths and language. An amount of INR 50 crores was invested in these projects (Samson Vyjayanthi, 2013). There is a lack of facilities provided in the school premises in Punjab. Some of the problems include lack of toilets, and the number of classrooms as per the number of students. The issue of the lack of girls toilets has led to many dropouts from the schools in primary and secondary levels (Haider Hussain, 2014). The percentage of female teachers is more in the government primary and secondary schools as compared to the percentage of male teachers. The teachers who are appointed in the government schools in Punjab are a varied group of people in terms of their background, recruitment process, educational qualifications and other factors (Kumar Kaur, 2012). The ratio of the teachers and students is not up to the mark in the schools in Punjab, with the ratio in primary schools being 27:1, upper primary schools is 21:1 and in secondary schools in 23:1. The problem of less number of teachers is one of the biggest challenges in the education sector of Punjab (Huma, 2014). India has a diverse culture and many different languages are spoken in different states of the country. However, English language has been accepted has the other official language in addition to Hindi. In spite of the presence of English language in India for a long time, only few people can speak English. However, English acts as a link between people in the national and international levels as well. English has now become a second language in India and this trend has an effect on the quality of education being provided in the government secondary schools. English is now not just a language that is taught in schools, but it has become a medium of teaching process (Jena, 2013). The English language is now becoming a mode of communication between students and teachers in the government schools in Punjab. The teachers who are appointed in these schools need to be trained in such a way so that they have a great command over the language, which is not their mother tongue. In this manner, the teachers will be able to provide good quality education to the students. The medium of education mainly used in the rural areas of Punjab was Punjabi. The importance of English language has increased in the recent years owing to the reason that the world is turning into a small global village. English has become the most important language in the recent times (Jena Gahlod, 2013). This language has totally gone inside the system of the education in India. In spite of this, the rural areas of India are facing problems regarding the learning of this language. The schools in the rural areas need to accept English as such a language, which they can use to speak their minds. This is a big issue in the government secondary schools in rural Punjab (KAUR, 2017). This problem can be solved with successful collaboration of the teachers and the students of these schools. The teacher who has taken the responsibility of teaching the students should be aware of the language. The teacher should be proficient in speaking, writing and reading this language. They should be equipped in such a way that it becomes easier for them to impart this knowledge to the students (Kumar Kaur, 2012). The students in the rural areas of Punjab and their respective parents need to understand the importance of the language for the future of the students. English is introduced quiet late in the curriculum of the rural students, due to which there is a lack of confidence in speaking English. The students in rural Punjab are heavily dependent on their mother tongue and English is taught to them quiet late in their school years. The students are unable to score passing marks in the English exams, and they do not understand Basic English sentences. English is taught to these not like a language, but like a subject (Malik Yadav, 2013). The students have a casual approach towards learning English and due to this; they have a weak vocabulary and poor levels of translation. The students therefore are slow in learning the language and they realize the importance of English in the later years of their career. In this manner, they do not receive the basic knowledge about the language and later when they realize the importance of learning English, they learn it with the help of some courses, which provide only surface knowledge to the students. The low ratio of students and teachers has an adverse effect in this case as well. The needs of the students are not catered properly by the teachers in the government secondary schools in these rural areas of Punjab (Ramamurthy, 2015). The schools do not receive adequate attention from the higher authorities so that the quality of education can be improved and the number of teachers can be increased. Therefore, it can be said that teaching this language in the rural government secondary schools is massive task for the teachers of these schools (Haider Hussain, 2014). The potential of the students in the rural areas are wasted due to this reason. One of the biggest problems in the schools in these areas is the absence of punctuality and regularity among the students. There is a huge lack of awareness regarding English education in these areas (Rana, 2017). This is the point where the collaboration between the students and the teachers comes into play. Teachers are the main pillars of the education system of the schools. The problem related to the lack of interest and confidence of the students, can be easily tackled by the teachers. The teachers should also receive rigorous training so that they can impart the correct level of knowledge to the students. The teachers are the ones who can motivate students so that they can get interest in the language, learn it from the foundation of their studies, and use it in their future career (Samson Vyjayanthi, 2013). The teachers of the government secondary schools in Punjab are considered the main pillars of the education system. The teachers are the people who are interpreters or mediators of the educational system. The teachers play an important role in the development of a nation or bringing change in the society. This is the reason why the teachers need to be properly trained. The system of in-service training of teachers in the government schools in Punjab facilitates this ability of the teachers (Smyth, 2013). In-service training of the teachers includes the following components: Professional attitude Knowledge related to the profession The professional skills of the teachers The interest of the teachers towards this profession Many activities are conducted such as, symposium, discussions, workshops, seminars and brain storming. This type training is important for the teachers in the elementary schools, so that the attention can be kept focussed on the requirement of improvement in quality of the performance of the teachers, which in turn improves the quality of the students (Bracken, Driver, Kadi-Hanifi, 2016). Thus, type of training helps to maintain an environment in the schools, which will facilitate the learning quality in schools, so that the teachers are committed and they can develop their competency, which is required to pursue the options in their careers. The enthusiasm of the teachers towards the profession is maintained and they are always motivated to provide the correct level of knowledge to the students (Snilstveit et al., 2014). This type of in-service teacher education programmes are arranged in Punjab under the SSA or Sarv Shikhsha Abhiyan Scheme. This programme has proved to be effective according to a recent research that has been conducted. The programme was found to be effective from the point of view of infrastructure, planning and monitoring. The role of the teachers in this entire programme was found to be the most important. This programme had a huge impact on the teaching style of the teachers. The programme helped in the professional development of the teachers. This programme helped the teachers in learning many new techniques of teaching and handling new teaching equipments (Thakur, 2013). The main concern in the state of Punjab is the quality of English teachers in the government-aided secondary schools. The need of teachers in the large number of schools has been an issue for the Punjab government. The government is facing many problems and obstructions due to the shortage of funds. The quality of the language in this area helps in determining the quality of teachers who are appointed to teach English in the government schools. The number of teachers with respect to the number of students is less, due to which the students have to face a large number of problems. Sometimes the quality of the teachers is compromised to meet the shortage of teachers. Training has been provided to the teachers to address the issue of quality along with quantity (Usman, 2012). As there is progress in the modern society, the need for English education is increasing day by day. The English language is introduced in the early days of the students. English is being included in the curriculum of upper primary schools, so that the students have a strong base by the time they reach the secondary schools (Chandwani Lata, 2016). However, the implementation of English language has sometimes happened in a rapid pace and this caused problems for the students. In the year, 2009 English language was introduced into the curriculum of the students in Punjab. This process was followed by the training provided to the teachers about this knowledge. This preparation was taken so that the inadequacy of the learning of the teachers does not affect the knowledge that the students were imparted (Vishnu, 2015). After the launch the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Program in India in the year 2001, in the recent years there is a huge increase in the enrolment of students in the government schools. This phenomenon is prevalent not only in the urban, but also in the rural areas. In many states, the enrolment of students in government is much more as compared to private schools (SOLANKI BAROT, 2017). The teachers of these government secondary schools play an important in the lives of the students. The qualification and quality of the teachers determine the knowledge levels of the students. The academic achievements of the teachers have an impact on the achievements of the students as well. The level of knowledge of the teachers is affected by their fellow teachers, which in turn has an effect on the quality of the students (Bracken, Driver Kadi-Hanifi, 2016). The dedication and the commitment of the teachers towards their profession is another factor that affects the knowledge that is imparted to the students. The professional qualification of the teachers also ensures the knowledge that is provided to the students. As per the observations in recent studies, the students that are taught by well-experienced and qualified teachers perform much better in comparison to those taught by inexperienced teachers (Chandwani Lata, 2016). English language has played an important role in the educational system of India or rather in the state of Punjab. English is a global language and it acts as a link with the rest of the world. The usage of English is increasing day by day in the government secondary schools. However, there are still many challenges in the secondary schools in the rural areas of Punjab. The infrastructure of the schools is not up to the mark (Malik Yadav, 2013). The students in the rural areas of Punjab are not aware about the importance of the language in their future careers. The students take English just as a subject they need to pass in, and not like a language to learn (Haider Hussain, 2014). Conclusion The report can be concluded by stating that the level of English medium education in the government secondary schools in the state of Punjab has improved in the recent years. The quality of teachers imparting knowledge to the students matters the most in this case. The teachers are considered to be the main pillars of the education system. The teachers are the ones who shape the lives of the students and in turn bring change to the society. Keeping this in mind, the teachers are provided extensive training related to the English language. The challenges are much more in the rural areas of Punjab. The children in the rural areas are not aware of the importance of English language in their future careers. The infrastructure of the schools and the quality of the teachers are some of the major problems in the rural areas. Many initiatives have been taken by the government to address these issues. The lack of funds in the government secondary was also a major problem, due to which the infrastructure of the schools did not show any improvement. However, owing to the initiatives taken by the government, these issues have been taken care of and lots of investment is being made in the education sector. References Akram, M., Malik, M. I., Sarwar, M., Anwer, M., Ahmad, F. (2015). Relationship of teacher competence with professional commitment and job satisfaction at secondary level.International Journal of AYER,4, 58-70. Bracken, S., Driver, C., Kadi-Hanifi, K. (2016).Teaching English as an Additional Language in Secondary Schools: Theory and Practice. Taylor Francis. Byker, E. (2014). ICT in Indias elementary schools: The vision and realities.International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives,13(2), 27-40. Chandwani, S., Lata, P. (2016) attitude towards extension education among students of punjab agriculture university, ludhiana.attitude towards extension education among students of punjab agriculture university, ludhiana* Sanjay Chandwani, 1. Desai, D. (2015). Public-Private Partnership (PPP)A Key to Expand the Education Infrastructure of India.International Journal of Innovative Research and Development,4(8). Ganaie, S. A. (2015). Library and information science education in India: A critical assessment.LIS Links Newsletter,1(2), 2-9. Haider, G., Khan, T. N. (2016). 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Who are the teachers and who are the learners? teacher education for culturally responsive pedagogy. InPreparing Teachers for the 21st Century(pp. 297-308). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Snilstveit, B., Gallagher, E., Phillips, D., Vojtkova, M., Eyers, J., Skaldiou, D., ... Davies, P. (2014).Education interventions for improving the access to, and quality of, education in low and middle income countries: A systematic review. The Campbell Collaboration. Solanki, D., Barot, (2017) D. H. M. Challenges At Rural Area Based Secondary Schools With Reference To English Language Teaching.Significance,2320, 7566. Thakur, J. (2013). Challenges and prospects in teaching of English at elementary school level.Educationia Confab,2(1), 125-133. Usman, S. (2012). Factors Influencing Students' Academic Performance at Higher Secondary Level: Teachers' Perception.Language in India,12(9). Vishnu, M. M. (2015). A Comparative Study Of Effectiveness Of Concept Attainment Model And Inductive Thinking Model For Teaching English Grammar To Ix Class Students.